投资氢能产业
投资氢能产业
Investing in Hydrogen
氢在能源转型和能源安全中发挥着关键作用。一个重要的原因是氢在燃烧时不会排放温室气体，使其成为比天然气、石油和煤炭等化石燃料更清洁的能源。另一个重要原因是，氢气的能量含量在任何普通燃料中都是最高的（大约是汽油的三倍）。
Hydrogen plays a key role in energy transition and energy security. One important reason is that hydrogen emits no greenhouse gases when burned. The only waste product is water vapor, making it a cleaner energy source than fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, and coal. Another important reason is that hydrogen has the highest energy content of any common fuel by weight (about three times more than gasoline).
氢作为燃料来源的缺点是它并非像天然气一样以容易开采的方式存在于自然界。虽然氢气可通过多种方式获得，但大部分生产过程会排放温室气体。而最为重要的是，目前氢气的制造还未达到足够大的规模以使其能在经济性上与化石燃料竞争，即制造成本还比较高。
The drawback to hydrogen as a fuel source is that it’s rarely found in an easily extractable form like natural gas. And although hydrogen can be produced from a variety of sources, most methods emit greenhouse gases. On top of that, it’s not yet made at the scale needed to be economically competitive with fossil fuels. However, that could change in the coming years.
最具潜力解决方案为使用可再生能源如风能、太阳能制造绿氢。因电解水制氢成本很大一部分为电力费用，如果采用成本较低的可再生能源生产的电力则能够大幅降低电解水制氢的成本。当然，这一过程是不会排放温室气体。
The most promising solution is green hydrogen, which is produced by using renewable energy to power an electrolyzer that splits hydrogen from water molecules. Of course, this process results in no carbon emissions.
目前，利用天然气生产氢气的成本约为每千克1.5美元、生产绿氢的成本为每千克5美元。、绿氢的成本，有望降低。降低的预测。美国能源部希望在未来十年内将绿氢的成本降低到每千克1美元，使其更具竞争力。值得关注的是，很多大公司正致力于发展氢能技术，以能够更加高效、安全地制造、存储、运输与使用绿氢，而且他们已经取得了相当大的进展。国际能源署预计，在氢气产能顺利提升的情况下，2030年电解槽的成本将下降70%
As for now, it costs about $1.50 per kilogram to produce hydrogen from natural gas and $5 per kilogram to produce clean hydrogen. The U.S. Department of Energy wants to get the cost of clean hydrogen down to $1.00 per kilogram over the next decade to make it a more competitive fuel source. The good news is that many companies are working hard to develop technologies to efficiently and safely produce, store, transport and use green hydrogen, and they’re making huge progress. The International Energy Agency predicts that costs for electrolyzers could drop by 70% by 2030, if manufacturing capacities scale successfully. Together with lower prices for renewable energy, green hydrogen prices could drop by 60-64% by 2025, and by up to 72% by 2030. As the price drops, hydrogen production is rising, making it increasingly viable as an alternative fuel. The IEA estimates that global production of low-emission hydrogen from electrolysis could reach 240 GW by 203011. With today’s fossil energy prices, renewable hydrogen could already compete with hydrogen from fossil fuels in many regions.
以下为氢能产业快速发展的部分示例。
Below are some examples of the achievements.
l 绿氢项目 Green Hydrogen Projects
2023年2月16日，中国石化的内蒙古鄂尔多斯市风光融合绿氢示范项目开工。该项目是目前全球最大绿氢耦合煤化工项目。该项目主要包括风能及光伏发电、输变电、电解水制氢、储氢、输氢五部分，其中风力发电装机容量和光伏发电装机容量分别为450兆瓦和270兆瓦、电解水制氢能力3万吨/年、储氢能力28.8万标立方。
The Sinopec Ordos project in Inner Mongolia will produce around 30,000 tonnes of green hydrogen per year. The electrolyser will be powered by 450 MW of wind power and 270 MW of solar. The plant also has the capacity for 288,000 cubic metres of hydrogen storage。 Hydrogen produced at the Ordos project will partially displace black hydrogen currently used in a nearby chemical factory.
l 氢能飞机 Hydrogen-powered Airplanes
Universal Hydrogen公司一直在开发可用于航空的燃料电池，并已开始试飞。该公司于2023年2月完成了使用氢能的飞机的滑行测试。这架飞机升空飞行了15分钟，达到了海拔3500英尺的高度。燃料电池在飞行过程中提供了高达800千瓦的电力，而水蒸气是唯一向大气排放的气体。试验中使用了大约16千克的燃料。
Universal Hydrogen has been developing flight-ready fuel cells and has begun test flights, hoping that hydrogen will do for aviation what batteries can’t. It completed taxi testing in 2023 February. The plane, took to the skies for a fifteen minute flight. It reached an altitude of 3,500 feet above sea level. The fuel cell provided up to 800 kW of electricity during the flight, with water vapor the only output to the atmosphere. Approximately 16 kg of fuel was used in the test.
l 氢能列车 Hydrogen-powered Trains
阿尔斯通在柏林举行的2016年创新交通大会上首次展示了Coradia iLint——由氢燃料电池驱动的客运列车。2018年，Coradia iLint在德国投入商业运营。该列车由氢燃料电池提供动力，零排放，噪音低，废气只有蒸汽和冷凝水。
It was at InnoTrans 2016 in Berlin that Alstom presented the Coradia iLint™ for the first time. And just two years later, at 2018, the iLint™ entered into commercial service in Germany. The Coradia iLint™ is the world’s first passenger train powered by a hydrogen fuel cell, which produces electrical power for traction. This zero-emission train emits low levels of noise, with exhaust being only steam and condensed water.
2022年12月28日，中车长客股份公司联合成都轨道集团共同研制的具有自主知识产权的全球首列氢能源市域列车在成都下线。该列车采用“复兴号”关键核心技术，四辆编组，最高时速160km/h，内置“氢能动力”系统，为车辆运用提供强劲持久的动力源，可实现600公里超长续航。
The world's first hydrogen-energy urban train with independent intellectual property rights jointly developed by CRRC Changchun Railway Co and Chengdu Rail Transit officially rolled off the assembly line in Chengdu, Southwest China's Sichuan Province, on 2022 December 28. The train adopted the key core technology of the Fuxing bullet train, with a maximum speed of 160 kilometers per hour. It has a built-in "hydrogen power" system, which provides a strong and durable power source that can achieve a long battery life of 600 kilometers
氢的运用场景很多。长期以来，氢在工业中广泛使用，如提炼石油、处理金属、生产化肥和加工食品。氢燃料电池为航天器的电气系统供电，现在也开始逐步用于机动车辆（汽车、火车、公共汽车、海事船舶和卡车）和飞机。大型燃料电池可以向电网供电，为建筑物提供备用或应急电力，并在未连接电网的地方提供电力。对天然气管道进行必要改动后，氢气可能与天然气混合、甚至完全取代天然气向使用终端供应。此外，氢可以用于发电厂发电，也可以作为家庭的燃料来源。
Hydrogen is used in many industrial processes, such as refining petroleum, treating metals, producing fertilizer, and processing foods. Hydrogen fuel cells are used to power the electrical systems on spacecraft, and also used to motorize vehicles (cars, trains, buses, maritime vessels, and trucks). Large fuel cells can supply electricity to electric power grids, supply backup or emergency power in buildings, and supply electricity in places that are not connected to electric power grids. Hydrogen might also replace natural gas in the pipeline system with some modifications. It could then be used in power plants to generate electricity and as a fuel source for our homes.
氢能潜力极大，实际上，氢能将会是未来相当长时期广泛使用的的洁净可持续能源。虽然目前其发展仍处于初期阶段，但在不远的将来氢能的应用规模将急速扩大。国际氢能委员会的氢能洞察报告已记述了价值合计3450亿美元的228个全球性项目。高盛预计2030年制氢电解槽装机量将达到137GW，是2022年预计数值的1.7倍（2022年预计数值为80GW）。而美国银行与摩根斯坦利的分析员均预计2050年绿氢价值将超过11万亿美元。现在可能就是投资氢能的好时机。
The potential of hydrogen is limitless. Hydrogen will, in fact, be a sustainable, clean power source for many generations to come. We're in the early phase now, but we're seeing a very rapid scale-up. The Hydrogen Insights Report from the Hydrogen Council recently profiled 228 global projects with a value of $345 billion USD. Goldman Sachs Research estimates as much as 137 GW will be installed by the end of 2030, about 1.7 times more than last year’s estimate of 80 GW. And analysts at both Bank of America and Morgan Stanley forecast that green hydrogen could be worth over $11 trillion by 2050. This could be a good timing to invest in hydrogen.
